How quickly do lunar temperatures flucuate?

When the temperature on Earth is being reported, it is usually the air
temperature measured by a thermometer in an air stream in the shade. I
hate to seem academic, but one must define their terms. There is no air
(atmosphere) on the Moon, so what object's temperature are you asking about?
In the shade, for example, in the bottoms of craters at the poles where the
Sun never shines, the temperature is probably below 40 K (- 230 or so C). A
meter under the surface at the equator, the temperature is nearly constant
at about - 50 C. The temperature of engineered objects on the Moon would be
very much like the same objects on orbit, hot in the Sun and cold in the
shade, but how hot and how cold would depend on how much heat was being
conducted or convected to the object from elsewhere. The surface of a
balloon with a little gas in it would be hot on the Sun side, cold on the
shade side, and the gas would carry heat between the two. How much heat
would be transported would depend on the gas pressure, composition,
convection and so on. A solar day on Earth is 24 hours, but on the Moon it
is 709 hours or so. During this time, the temperature on small "isolated"
surface grains of regolith range from about 100 K to 400 K or so. A large
rock with good internal thermal conductivity would vary a lot less. One
can't say with out more information. Hope this helps. Sincerely, Jay
Huebner