Physics Question on PressuVessels

Basically, standard pressure vessel engineering principles could be a
starting point, but scaled up quite a lot.

Bulk Static tensile loads are dealt with by having a big safety
factor. 4 to 1 (versus ultimate tensile stress) is the ASME boiler
code used in most applications. For spacecraft lower factors of
safety can be used, but more exotic design methods employed, e.g.
fracture mechanics and NDI.

Point loads and stress concentrations probably need to be analyzed
using finite element analysis methods to assure safety factor is
maintainted, stress risers and pre-stressed thickeners could be
added as necessary, but it does result in rather a complicated
structural design.

For dynamic loads, fatigue analysis and crack propogation analysis
(fracture mechanics based) are required. There are standard industry
tools and methods for doing that kind of thing.