Gervase revisited: EVIDENCE OF TUNGUSKA-TYPE IMPACTS OVER THE PACIFIC

Hello Gang,
In recent years research has discredited the eye witness account
in the Chronicle of Gervase of a possible impact on the Moon in the year
1178. Many people associate this event with the formation of the crater
Giordano Bruno. As you well know Paul Withers, of the University of
Arizona debunks this famous lunar crater theory. So within this context
what do you make of the following article that appears in the following
Italian web site? http://wwwesterni.unibg.it/dmsia/dynamics/year.html of
the Department of Mathematics, of the University of Bergamo. This is the
only reference I have seen with regard to the possiblity of Tunguska
type impacts over and around the Pacific basin in the year 1178. Has
anyone else done any research on this topic and linked it to the account
by Gervase?

I beforehand thank you for your help,

Yours truly,

Alex Michael Bonnici

http://wwwesterni.unibg.it/dmsia/dynamics/year.html

EVIDENCE OF TUNGUSKA-TYPE IMPACTS OVER THE
PACIFIC BASIN AROUND THE YEAR 1178 A.D.

Emilio Spedicato
Department of Mathematics, University of Bergamo Piazza Rosate 2, 24129
Bergamo, Italy -
emilio@...

1. Introduction

As related by Clube and Napier in their monograph The Cosmic Winter, see
[1], in the year 1178
A.D. four wise men of Canterbury were sitting outside on a clear and
calm 18th June night, a half
Moon standing placidly in the starry sky. Suddenly they noticed a flame
jutting out of a horn of the
Moon. Then they saw the Moon tremble and its colour change slowly from
light brilliant to a darker
reddish tone. Such a colour remained for all the time the Moon was
visible during that phase. This
story is found in a manuscript version of Canterbury annals, that was
shown to Clube by a medieval
English history specialist.

When the hidden face of the Moon was first photographed by a lunar
mission, a large and clearly
very recently produced crater was visible near the lunar north polar
region. It was named the
Giordano Bruno crater. Its recent origin is shown by the absence of
secondary superimposed
craters. The crater is considered to have been produced by a cometary or
meteoritic impact with a
body of 2-3 kilometers size, implying an energy in the range of hundred
of million of megatons. The
year of the impact might well be 1178 A.D., thereby explaining the
observations recorded in the
Canterbury annals, as first proposed apparently by Hartung [2].

Now it is known that cometary or meteoritic impacts do not happen on a
purely stochastic way and
that almost contemporary multiple impacts are a rather common event.
This follows from the fact that
the impacting bodies are often part of a stream of objects (comets,
Apollos,...) produced by the
disintegration of an initially larger body, by causes like internal
instability or disrupting tidal forces by
planets near which the object has passed. While the stream tends with
time to expand and dissolve,
its existence is nonetheless the reason for a likely multiplicity of
impacts (notice for instance that the
Wien University geologists Alexander and Edith Tollmann in [3] have
given geological arguments for
a seven-fold multiple cometary impact over Earth oceans at circa 6500
B.C.) and for an enhanced
probability of impacts at the time the Earth is crossing the stream
region.

By the above arguments, the following question naturally arises: was
planet Earth, whose cross
section is much larger than the Moon's (by a factor about 15), also
impacted around the year 1178?
Preliminary to this question: was the Earth crossing a stream around
1178? Then, if the Earth was hit,
where was the event or the events and which were the consequences?

In the following nine sections we give arguments for likely multiple
impacts over the Pacific basin,
with dramatic consequences for the people living in that area and some,
albeit delayed, dramatic
consequences also for the Mediterranean region.

2. Evidence of the crossing of a cometary stream in the year 1178 A.D.

There are at least two pieces of information that indicate that the
Earth crossed a cometary stream
during the late 11th and the 12th century, with a peak around the half
of the 12th century.

The first information comes from European history. Frequent and scaring
appearances of large
comets were indeed a main factor that contributed to the special
psychological climate that led to the
Crusades, which were often seen, at least at the popular level, as a
means for atonement of sins, the
divine wrath expressing itself through the menacing comets. A great
comet appeared during a
meeting of bishops, where a decision had to be taken for starting the
first Crusade, and was a final
argument in favour of the Crusade.

The second piece comes from Chinese astronomers, who were routinely
recording comets and
fireballs. Such recordings have been the object of a study by Clube [4].
They show a very clear
peak of sightings around the middle of the 12th century, the peak being
over ten times higher than the
average background. It is interesting to notice that a similar peak is
also present at about half the 6th
century, a time when, according to several Byzanthin historians quoted
by Gibbon [5], e. g. Malala,
Procopius and Theophanes, many scaring comets appeared in the sky. That
was also the time of the
great Justinian plague, which decimated the population of the
Mediterranean region, killing up to
90% of the population according to some estimates. This depopulation was
certainly a major factor
which facilitated the Arab expansion some three generations later.

3. Arguments from New Zealand Maori legends

>From New Zealand two arguments come. First we have the Maori legends stating that, several
centuries ago, fire came from the sky, burned most of the forests and
killed the Moa birds (the
Maori adamantly reject the western scholars opinion that overhunting was
the reason for the Moa
disappearance). Secondly there is the recent finding of a number of
shallow and definitely very recent
impact craters, named the Tapanui craters, in the South Island.
Additionally, layers of soot, datable
at the cratering time, have been detected in several places. The Tapanui
craters and the presence of
soot can be taken as a confirmation that "fire" came from the sky,
burned the forests and killed the
Moas, as the Maori legends state. The time of the event has been
estimated at circa 800 years ago,
therefore falling at our proposed date. For more information on the
event see Steel and Snow [6]
and Pajak [7,8].

4. Arguments from Polynesia

It is known, see Heyerdahl [9] and Fornander [10], that at the end of
the 12th century there have
been severe disruptions throughout the archipelagos in Polynesia,
leading to discontinuities in the
local dinasties and to generalized migrations, mainly in the direction
from North America to the
Hawaiis and to the other islands.
Heyerdahl writes (see quoted monograph, pp. 169,170):
A. Fornander, a notable early Polynesian genealogist, after a life-long
study of Polynesian
tribe history claimed that about 30 generations reckoned from the end of
the last century
bring us back to a period when the aristocracy in almost all groups
took, so to say, a new
departure. From then on, during a period of a few generations, all royal
lines were
interrupted and substituted by new ones. A migratory wave swept the
island world of the
Pacific, embracing in its vortex all the principal groups, and probably
all the smaller. Its
traces were deep and indelible. It modified the ancient customs, creed
and polity. It even
affected the speech of the people.... new tutelar gods succeeded the
earlier deities, new place
names replaced old ones... the construction of the pyramidal stone
platforms also seemed to
have ceased during this period... traditional narratives show that an
early people were found
in Hawaii, Cook Islands and New Zealand by the later Polynesians...the
later immingrants
conquered their predecessors, who were not exterminated but absorbed.}
The date of the
events can be set between the years 1100 and 1200, see also the work of
another Polynesian
genealogist, Percy Smith [11], an interval which brackets our proposed
date 1178.

To this time it is also possible to relate the migration that, according
again to Heyerdahl [12,13],
brought a community of Melanesian people to Easter Island, which at that
time was inhabited by a
completely different type of people (high stature, reddish hair,
europoid features) and a more
advanced culture, one of whose main elements was the construction of the
famous giants. For
several centuries the Melanesian people lived as slaves and worked in
the quarries to build the
statues. Then, probably in the year 1670, they rebelled and killed most
of their masters (apparently
only one adult male was left alive).

5. Arguments from South America

In South America we first observe, at the time under discussion, the
rather sudden demise of the
great coastal civilizations (Mochicas, Chimus,...), that, inter alia,
had build huge pyramids (the largest
of the Tucume pyramid, near the northern Peru town of Lambayeque, had a
square basis with a side
of about 800 meters; while only about 70 meters high, its total volume
was about 30% greater than
that of the great Giza pyramid) and a complex system of canals for
irrigation. The demise was
sudden and without recovery. It was also associated to substantial ruin
of the pyramids, by evident
erosion by flood (the pyramids were not build in stone but with
compacted soil), and of the irrigation
system.

Secondly, we observe, immediately following the demise of the coastal
civilization, the rise, in the
high Andine range, of the new Incas civilization. The Incas, in the
course of three centuries, till they
collapsed under the Spaniard aggression, probably benefiting to a large
extent of the construction
techniques previously developed by the coastal people, founded a great
empire extending from
present Colombia to Chile, well connected by an efficient road system.
The Incas royal family
claimed a very ancient origin and also differenciated itself from the
common people by the use of a
special form of language (the royal Quechua). According to a recently
found manuscript dated to
the year 1611 and containing information attributed to Blas Valera, (see
Laurencich Minelli et al.
[14]), a Jesuit with a Spanish father and an Incas mother, the Incas
royal family traced its origin to
the 6th century (quite intriguingly, a time of great cometary activity
and of the Justinian plague), when
two groups of migrating people are claimed to have reached South
America, one from the West
(Tartaria) and one from the East, these last people being called
Viracochas and being white
dressed. A fighting followed their meeting and most of the Viracochas
were killed. The royal Incas
family descended from intermarriages between the people from the West
and the surviving
Viracochas.

The development at this time, after the collapse of the coastal
civilization, of a civilization of
essentially high mountains can be intriguingly explained if the coastal
civilization was destroyed by a
natural catastrophical event, like a great tsunami, which scared
enormously the survivors and the
neighbouring people. The coastal area was then abandoned and the
civilization restarted on higher,
presumibly safer, land. Effects of wheather changes, e.g. drier
conditions along the coast, may also
have contributed to this geographical displacement.

Thirdly, analysis of past El Nio behaviour indicates unusual conditions
at the time under
consideration. Information on past intensity of El Nio can be obtained
by analysis of the oceanic
sediments, particularly by the relative abundances of certain shellfish
which develop only when the
water temperature rises above a certain level (the El Nio current is
cold, so a strong El Nio wipes
out most of this shellfish). Recent analysis, see Heyerdahl [15], has
shown that El Nio activity has
dramatically peaked around the middle of the 12th century. An unusually
strong El Nino not only
would result in a disruption of the normal local Pacific fauna, but
would provoke very strong
torrential rains over the usually dry Peruvian coastal region. This may
have been the main cause of
the observed strong erosion of the Tucume pyramids and a factor for
disruption of the local irrigation
system. We however suspect that the demise of the coastal civilization
has to be related to a very
dramatic and killing tsunamic wave.

6. Arguments from Central America

The fifth argument comes from Central America, relating to the origin of
the Aztec civilization and to
some extent explaining the Aztec obsession with human sacrifice.

When Cortes reached central Mexico, he met there the stronghold of the
Aztects, who were living in
a rather small region west of the great Popocatepl--Ixtacihuatl volcanic
range, in a bowl shaped
region of circa 2.000 square kilometers, completely surrounded by
mountains, the local rivers
sending their waters not to the ocean but to a marshy lake at the center
of the region, lake Texcoco
(now almost completely dried up). In the middle of the lake, on a number
of small islets, the Aztec
capital Tenochtitlan was build, counting at Cortes time possibly over
one million people (in one of his
letters to Charles 5th, the Spanish emperor, Cortes, see [16], claimed
that over 400.000 persons in
the city had died of the epidemics, smallpox, brought by the Spaniards;
due to the ferocity of the
fighting possibly more people died of wounds and several thousands
survived the destruction).

It appears from geography that the Aztects had chosen to live and in
particular to build their capital
in a region whose main feature, from the point of view of the presently
discussed scenario, was to be
well protected, thanks to its elevation and to the surrounding mountain
ranges, by a possible rise of
the ocean, or a possible tsunamic wave.

Now it is known from several sources, particularly from one of the few
surviving codices, namely the
so called codex Ramirez, see [17], that the Aztecs were not native of
central Mexico, but had
reached that region only a few centuries before Cortes's arrival. Their
original place, named Aztlan,
was located on the Pacific coast, probably near the present city of
Mazatlan, some 300 km.
north--west of Guadalajara. According to studies by Vaillant [18] and
Brundage [19], their
migration started around the middle of the 12th century, Brundage
actually proposing the date 1168,
which is amazingly close to the date we are considering (and since this
date is an estimate, one
cannot exclude that the correct year was indeed 1178).

Why did the Aztecs move from a coastal region to a high land? We
conjecture that, similarly to what
happened to the coastal region of Peru, also the Pacific coastal region
of Mexico was affected by a
huge tsunami. The surviving people were immensely scared and took refuge
up to the Mexican
plateau in the marshes of Lake Texcoco. Probably they interpreted the
catastrophe in religious terms
as a punishment by their gods for not being sufficiently pious. Thus
they adopted a policy of strong
piety, meaning in their religion a policy of human sacrifices, which
scandalized the Spaniards, but
whose roots can probably be traced in the reenactment of past
catastrophical events in the solar
system...

7. Arguments from Japan

Around 1178 there is an important political discontinuity in the
Japanese history, given by the
passage of the political power, after a period of intense fighting, from
the southern Taira dynasty
(with capital Miako, now Kyoto), to the northern Minamoto dynasty (with
capital Kamakura, near
Edo, now Tokyo). Termination of the fighting is around the year 1182.
This political event may
certainly be a chance occurrence in our context, save for a possible
hint to unusual meteorological
conditions.
A major event of the war was the unexpected destruction of the southern
fleet by a very violent
typhoon. This too could be a chance event, but the similar fate meeting
not many years later the
Chinese--Mongolian fleet sent by Khubilai Khan to attempt the conquest
of Japan, as related by
Marco Polo, may be taken as suggestive of unusually irregular and strong
typhoons in the north-west
quadrant of the Pacific basin, thereby parallelizing the unusual
behaviour of El Nio at that time
around the coasts of Peru.

8. Arguments from northern China

The 12th century is a critical time in northern China. From a political
point of view the corrupt and
decaying regime of the late Song dinasty leads to social unrest and
widely spread rebellions, so
graphically described in the great Chinese classic novel The Water
Margins (probably written later,
but there is no consensus on either the author or the time of writing).
Northern China was occupied
by Juchen tribes from Machuria in the second half of that century.
Additionally natural disasters at
unprecedented level affected the region, among which main was the flood
of the Huang He (the
Yellow River). So catastrophical was this flood that the previous
northern Song capital, the great city
of Kaifeng, was almost completely destroyed and, moreover, the river
changed its exit into the sea,
moving it in 1194 from a location north of the Shandong peninsula to one
south of it, hundreds of
kilometers away (the river has returned to its previous exit in 1852
after another severe flood).
Whether the natural disasters at this time are a chance event or are
correlated with the other
observed events, in particular with a possible modification of the
typhoon regime and the strong
increase of El Nio, is a question that deserves further study.

9. Arguments from Mongolia

In the annals of Khubilai Khan, the Yuan dinasty emperor of the second
generation after Gengis
Khan, well known as the host of Marco Polo, it is written that "my great
ancestor Gengis Khan
saw a sign of change in the sky ... and arose in the North", as in the
annals translation made by
the Eastern Cultures curator of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and
available in the library of
that museum (the above sentence is actually readable in a poster in the
room devoted to China).
Now Gengish Khan, firstly named Temujin, is believed to have been born
in 1165, hence in 1178 he
would have been 13 years old. He might have observed one of the great
fireballs or falling comets or
asteroids, which were recorded with unusually high frequency at that
time by Chinese astronomers.

The conquest of the greater part of Asia and even of part of Europe by
the Mongolian horsemen in
the space of one generation is one of the great events of history. The
extraordinary personality of
Gengis Khan, a man with enormous intelligence, will, long range planning
and additionally shamanistic
powers, was certainly a main factor behind the Mongolian expansion. In
the Secret History of the
Mongols, see [20], the Mongolian drive tends to be explained in terms of
avenging wrongs, including
the destruction of the family of Gengis Khan (he survived by hiding
himself in the waters of a river)
and the wrongs that his tribe suffered by the nearby ( Christian
Nestorian) Tayichud and Kereit
tribes. The attack of the Mongolians against Persia, then a huge empire,
under Selgiuchid sultans
control, stretching from Anatolia to Central Asia and including
Afghanistan and part of India, which
led to some of the worst massacres in history and to such a devastation
of Central Asia that these
countries have not yet recovered, is similarly explained in terms of a
vengeance against the sultan
Jalal--ad--Din, who had ordered the murder of peaceful Mongolian
merchants, see Ata Malik Al
Juvaini [21]. However behind these personal and very classical
motivations there are probably other
more objective reasons that made it almost necessary for the Mongolians
to leave their original land
(a high plateau with continental climate and very cold winters,
particularly in the region where Gengis
Khan was born, north-west Mongolia, partly now belonging to Siberia) for
other lands with a better
climate. Here we suggest that the main reason was indeed an unexpected
and dramatic change of
climate in Mongolia, with winters much colder and more snowy than usual,
the snow cover probably
not melting during the summer, thereby making the normal pastoral life
almost impossible. An
indication that such was the case, and that the deteriorated wheather
conditions lasted for about two
generations, can be found in the quoted work of Ata Malik al Juvaini.
This Persian author, born in a
Khorasan family, became governor of Persia after the conquest by the
Mongolians. He wrote a
rather monumental history of the Mongolian conquest, around 1260, after
the Alamut fortress, the
stronghold of the Ishmaelites (the Assassins), was taken (the Alamut
castle had one of the greatest
libraries of medieval times; most books were burnt, but Al Juvaini
personally selected a number to
be saved. Which ones.....? Maybe here is the origin of maps like the
Piri Reis map, and of exoteric
books upon which Blavatsky claimed to base her ideas). In his history Al
Juvaini states that at about
the time of the fall of Alamut it had again become possible to grow
apple trees in Mongolia, a fact,
he explicitly notes, wich had not been possible for two generations.
This is a definitive indication of a
very severe wheather deterioration in the Mongolian plateau starting
from about our date 1178.
Apple trees are indeed resistant to very cold temperatures, at least in
many varieties cultivated for
ages throughout Europe and Asia. In 1979 a cold wave swept throughout
Russia, temperatures
dropping to --50 centigrades in Moscow (water pipes inside the building
of the Computing Center of
the Academy of Sciences froze and exploded; thus no water was available
for sanitation....
fortunately my arrival there was at the beginning of May, when
temperature in one week passed from
freezing to over 40 centigrades...). In Kirov, some 600 km. north--east
of Moscow, temperature
dropped to --55 centigrades. Apple trees survived in the Moscow region,
but were killed in the
Kirov region.

If a severe wheather problem was behind the Mongolian expansion, a
similar reason may have been
behind other great migrations and wars involving the pastoral people,
e.g. the Huns and the
Scythians. In particular there are arguments that this may have been the
case concerning the great
Scythian invasion of Middle East and Egypt, referred to by Diodorus. In
a future paper we will
argument that the Hyksos who invaded Egypt at the time of Dudimose
(Tutimaios in Manetho), just
after the Hebrew escaped under Moses leadership, as Velikovsky
argumented, see [22], and Rohl
[23] has confirmed, were Scythians, as wild and destructive as the
Mongolians at the time of Gengis
Khan, and that their name means exactly it the clan of the horsemen.

10. Arguments from Europe

Apparently there are no particular discontinuities in Europe in the
second half of the 12th century, a
period of rather intensive economic growth, a fact therefore indicating
that, if a catastrophe hit the
Pacific basin, it did not affect the opposite hemisphere. However at the
beginning of the 14th century
Europe is affected by the great Black Death epidemics, usually
attributed to the bacterium of plague
( bacillus pestis ), which, albeit certainly not as destructive as the
Justinian plague, still killed an
estimated 30% of the total population (this percentage varying from
place to place, Bohemia quite
intriguingly escaping almost completely). The plague seems to have
started in Mediterranean ports,
involved in trade with the East, and along the caravan roads leading to
central Asia. While Hoyle and
Wickramasinghe [24] have suggested that the agents of the plague were
bacterial material arrived
from the sky and brought by comets (and that was a time of intense
cometary activity....) the general
consensus is that the plague came from Mongolia, where bacillus pestis
is a common host in a variety
of rats (and, be careful if you want to caress them, in Californian
squirrels too...). In our proposed
scenario of a severe wheather disruption in the Mongolian region, it may
be surmised that the
bacteria became more virulent and/or had easier access to a population
immunologically weakened
by famine and other difficulties. Or, and here we take the Hoyle et al.
suggestion, the bodies
impacting in the Pacific region, including the northern China and
Mongolian region, may have brought
a fresh resupply of bacterial material, possibly characterized by
mutations. Such bacteria may have
again found their usual host, the rats, and attacked more easily a
population weakened by climate
changes, famine and war and not yet immunized against the new mutation.

11. Final conclusions

In the previous sections we have given a number of intriguing arguments
supporting the hypothesis
that around the year 1178 the Pacific basin was subject to
catastrophical events, of a probable
extraterrestrial origin:

a -- political discontinuities (in Peru, Mexico, north-east Asia,
Polynesia, Easter Island)

b -- abundance of unusually strong "signs in the sky ", in the Maori
legends, the Chinese astronomers
records, the Mongolian annals

c -- unusual wheather conditions, very strong El Nio, probable
irregular beheviour of the typhoons
near Japan, catastrophical flooding in Northern China and unusually
severe cold in Mongolia.

The above evidence has not been collected via a systematic study of the
people of the Pacific region
at that time, but has come via rather casual readings, hence a
systematic survey of the possible
sources is almost certainly bound to provide further confirmation. For
instance, the rather sudden
and puzzling disappearance of many of the pueblo people in the southwest
of northern America,
which can be traced back to that time, might be associated with the
global catastrophe that
apparently affected the Pacific region.

12. Acknowledgments

The author is deeply indebted, for stimulating discussions and the
provided information, to dr. Thor
Heyerdahl, whom he was allowed to visit in his beautiful manshion in
Guimar, Tenerife, to prof.
Victor Clube, whom he visited in Oxford, and to prof. Dixon, whose wide
range and deep critical
knowledge in so many areas has been a driving factor behind his work in
this area.

This work has been partially supported by ex 60% University of Bergamo
funds.

13. References

(1) Clube V. and Napier B., The Cosmic Winter, Blackwells, 1990
(2) Hartung J., Was the formation of a 20-km diameter impact crater
on the Moon observed on June 18, 1178?, Meteoritics 11, 187-194, 1976
(3) Tollmann A. and Tollmann E., Und die Sintflut gab es doch, Droemer
Knaur, 1993
(4) Clube V., Private communication, Oxford, July 1996
(5) Gibbon E., The decline and fall of the Roman empire, Newton Compton,
1973 (Italian
translation)
(6) Steel D. and Snow P., The Tapanui region of New Zealand: a
"Tunguska" of 800 years ago?, in
Asteroids, Comets and Meteors 91, Lunar and Planetary Science Institute
(Harris A. and Bowell E.
editors), 1991
(7) Pajak J., Tapanui cataclysm - An explanation for the mysterious
explosion in Otago, New
Zealand, 1178 AD, Manuscript, 1989
(8) Pajak J., New Zealand's Tapanui explosion, Ancient Skies 17, 1-4,
1990
(9) Heyerdahl T., Early Man and the Ocean. The Beginning of Civilization
and Seaborn Navigation,
Allen and Unwin, 1978
(10) Fornander A., An Account of the Polynesian Race, its Origins and
Migrations, London, 1878
(11) Smith S.P., Hawaiki: the Original Home of the Maori, Wellington
N.Z., 1910
(12) Heyerdahl T., Aku Aku, the Secret of Easter Island, Allen and
Unwin, 1960
(13) Heyerdahl T., Easter Island, the Mystery Solved, Souvenir Press,
1989
(14) Laurencich Minelli L., Miccinelli C. and Animato C., Il documento
seicentesco Historia et
rudimenta linguae Piruanorum, Studi e Materiali di Storia delle
Religioni 61, 363--413, 1995
(15) Heyerdahl T., Private communication, Guimar, Tenerife, June 1966
(16) Cortes H., Cartas de Relacion, Italian translation as La Conquista
del Messico, Rizzoli, 1987
(17) Anonimous, "Codice Ramirez", manuscrito del siglo XVI intitulado:
Relacion del origen de los
Indios que habitan esta Nueva Espaa segun sus historias}, editor Manuel
Orozco y Berra, Mexico,
1878, Italian translation by Silvini G., Edizioni Paoline, 1985
(18) Vaillant G.C., Aztecs of Mexico, Penguin, 1965
(19) Brundage B.C., A rain of darts, University of Texas Press, 1972
(20) Anonimous, The secret history of the Mongols, Allen and Unwin, 1963
(editor A. Waley)
(Mongolian original lost, Chinese version, Yuan ch'ao Pishi, circa
1370,extant)
(21) Ata Malik al Juvaini, Tarikhi Jahan Gusha, 3 volumes, Gibb Memorial
Series, Leyden-London,
1912,1916,1937. Italian translation by Scarcia G.R. as {\it Gengis
Khan}, Mondadori, 1991
(22) Velikovsky I., Ages in Chaos, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1953
(23) Rohl D., A Test of Time, the Bible from Myth to History, Century,
1995
(24) Hoyle F. and Wickramasinghe J., Diseases from space, Penguin, 1979